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al trophectodermal interactions Fer-1 to stimu late development from the placenta. FGF7 is expressed in media intima of uterine blood vessels of ewes which is consistent with its expression in spiral arteries from the pri mate endometrium. However, FGF7 is just not expressed by stromal cells proximal to LE/sGE and GE in ewes. The nonoverlapping cell certain patterns of expression for FGF10 and FGF7 in uteri of ewes sug gest that these growth factors have independent roles in uterine functions and conceptus development. HGF and HGFR are expressed within the ovine uterus dur ing the estrous cycle and pregnancy. HGF is expressed by uterine stromal cells and HGFR mRNA is localized exclusively to LE/sGE and GE. HGF is also expressed by chorioallantoic mesenchyme, and HGFR is expressed by trophectoderm.
HGF may stimulate epithe lial morphogenesis and differentiated functions necessary for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, Fer-1 con ceptus implantation and placentation. HGF regu lates human endometrial epithelial cell proliferation and motility and mediates estrogen actions. In pregnant ewes, HGF expression decreases between Days 11 and 13, increases from Day 13 to Days 15 and 17, and after that decreases by Day 19. Expression of HGFR in pregnant ewes increases between Days 11 and 15, remains high through Day17, and after that decreases by Day 19. The hormonal regulation of expression of HGF is unknown, but HGFR increases within the neonatal ovine uterine LE in response to P4. Expression of HGF in stromal cells from the ovine uterus is greatest when PGR are abundant in stromal cells, but absent in LE/sGE and GE.
Similarly, HGFR expression increases in ovine endo metrial epithelia when circulating levels of P4 boost and epithelial cell PGR reduce, implicating a function Purmorphamine for P4 in regulation of abundance of HGFR, perhaps through P4 induced down regulation of PGR. Inflamma tory cytokines like interleukin 1 alpha, IL6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha may also have an effect on expression of HGF and HGFR. For that reason, expression of HGF and HGFR may be coordinated by the actions of ovarian steroids and cytokines through a com plex network. In mice, HGF is necessary for chorioallan toic mesenchymal trophoblast interactions resulting in placental organogenesis. In sheep, HGFR expression in trophectoderm and HGF expression in allantoic mes enchyme suggests similar roles for HGF in placental de velopment and embryogenesis.
Early administration Posttranslational modification of exogenous P4 at 36 h right after onset of estrus, i. e, Purmorphamine about 6 h post ovulation, advances conceptus development and IFNT secretion in both sheep and cattle. In this model P4 accelerates conceptus development and advances expression of uterine genes that favor survival and development from the conceptus. In ewes, the early boost in circulating concentrations of P4 1 advances the time of down regulation of PGR in uterine epithelia and onset of se cretion and abundance of IFNT in uterine flushings, 2 increases abundance of secreted proteins LGALS15, cathepsin L, gastrin releasing protein, stanniocalcin, and IGFBP1 by uterine LE/sGE, 3 increases expression of FGF10 and, to a lesser extent, HGFR mRNAs, 4 increases HGFR to boost responsiveness of uterine Fer-1 LE/sGE to HGF to enhance conceptus development because both FGFR2IIIb and HGFR are expressed by both uterine epithelia and trophectoderm, and 5 decreases tight junction related proteins in uterine LE that may facilitate paracellular trafficking and/or transport of stro mal and serum derived molecules.
Estrogen, prolactin and pregnancy recognition in pigs Pig conceptuses start secreting E2 on Days 11 and 12 of pregnancy which activates mechanisms to redirect PGF secretion away from the uterine vasculature and into the uterine Purmorphamine lumen.
The endocrine exocrine theory of estrogen induced mater nal recognition of pregnancy in pigs is based on evidence that the uterine endometrium of cyclic gilts secrete luteolytic PGF, pig Fer-1 conceptuses secrete estrogens which are antiluteolytic, PGF is secreted into the uterine vascu lature in cyclic gilts for transport through blood to the ovary to induce CL regression, and secre tion Purmorphamine of PGF in pregnant gilts is into the uterine lumen where it truly is sequestered and metabolized to prevent it from being transported to CL to lead to luteolysis. PRL is also involved within the shift from endocrine to exocrine se cretion of PGF in pigs. In addition, PGE2 and lysopho sphatidic acid, as well as its receptor are crucial in the course of pregnancy. Expression of PGE2 synthase by trophoblast and endometrium decreases production of PGF to favor PGE2 that supports CL maintenance. In addition, you can find increases in LPA within the uterine lumen and LPAR3 on pig conceptuses in response to E2 dur ing early pregnancy. LPA likely induces migration and spa cing of pig blastocysts which are essential events preceding implantation and placentation in pregnant pigs. Maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs on Days 11 to 12 within the pig. In cyclic gilts, luteal regression begins on about Day 15 as conc