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how a basic hydroxylation reaction can strongly c-Met Inhibitors impact the biochemical and cellular properties of doxorubicin, which includes dramatically reduced cytotoxicity, diminished DNA binding activity, altered cellular accumulation in the drug and altered subcellular localization. Outcomes Differentially expressed genes upon acquisition of doxorubicin resistance Making use of full genome Agilent microarrays and Partek Genomics Suite, 2063 genes from a total of 27958 Entrez genes on the array had been found to be differentially expressed by 2 fold between MCF 7CC12 cells MCF 7DOX2 12 cells. The false discovery rate was set at 0.01 as well as the minimum p value for significance for any gene within the hit list was 0.01. The microarray data was deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database, accession number GSE27254 in accordance with MIAME standards.
Access towards the microarray data might be obtained by way of the following url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token dbezngycywquuhm&accGSE27254. The identification c-Met Inhibitors of thousands of genes changing expression upon selection of MCF 7 cells for doxorubicin resistance was similar towards the numbers of genes observed when these cells had been selected for resistance to other chemotherapy agents. These findings indicate that a significant amount in the transcriptome appears altered as these cells are selected for doxorubicin resistance. In addition to providing candidate genes that may be involved in doxorubicin resistance, the microarray data served to demonstrate that MCF 7DOX2 cells at selection dose 12 and MF 7CC cells are Celecoxib isogenic, since the vast majority of genes differed in expression by 2 fold between the two cell lines.
This suggests that observed differences in gene expression are likely related towards the acquisition of doxorubicin resistance and not simply a selection for a rare, unrelated cell type within the cell population. In examining the identities of genes exhibiting the greatest changes in expression upon acquisition of doxorubicin resistance, a number of these genes play a role Neuroblastoma in doxorubicin metabolism. Consequently, we assessed the extent of over representation Celecoxib of doxorubicin metabolism genes by comparing the names of differentially expressed genes in the microarray hit list with those listed in a curated list of genes associated with doxorubicin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics in tumour cells and cardiomyocytes available on the Pharmacogenetics Knowledge Base .
This list might be found at the url: http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/ PA449412#tabviewtab5&subtab33 and is depicted in Additional file 1: Table S1. Figure 2 shows two pathway diagrams available through the PharmGKB website that document c-Met Inhibitors the different proteins that impact on the uptake, metabolism, and efflux of doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes and tumour cells. A comparison of a list of these proteins with the list of genes significantly changed by 2 fold in doxorubicin resistant cells in the above microarray experiment revealed that doxorubicin pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes are highly over represented in the list of differentially expressed genes.
Identical genes or genes having the same family name on both lists are depicted in bold, with the fold increase or decrease in expression in the microarray experiment Celecoxib listed beside each gene. Additional file 2: Table S2 depicts the results of our over representation analysis. At a false discovery rate of 0.01, 8 in the 46 genes listed in the doxorubicin pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics pathways had been direct matches and 20 or 43% had been partial matches. The p value for significance of this over representation relative to randomly selected genes was 0.05 for identical matches and 0.0001 for either identical or partial matches. Since these genes directly impact the uptake, efflux, metabolism or cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, they have a strong potential to play a role in doxorubicin resistance.
The identities of these genes provide a compelling view of c-Met Inhibitors the various mechanisms that likely play a role in the acquisition of doxorubicin resistance in breast tumour cells in vitro. Several AKRs are over expressed Celecoxib in MCF 7DOX2 12 cells As previously demonstrated using a much smaller microarray platform , the 1C family of AKRs was observed to be over expressed upon acquisition of doxorubicin resistance. Moreover, as shown in Additional file 1: Table S1, a variety of AKR family members had been among the most differentially expressed genes upon acquisition of doxorubicin resistance in MCF 7 cells. In these microarray studies, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1C1, and AKR1C3 all had strongly elevated expression. As stated previously, the product in the AKR family of genes facilitates the conversion of doxorubicin to doxorubicinol. Such a strong overexpression of multiple AKR transcripts in MCF 7DOX2 12 cells suggests that the AKRs may play a major role in doxorubicin resistance. Given that AKR 1C isoforms are highly conserved amongst each other and given that, by BLAST analysis, the probes on the A