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population cells and tumor formation in mouse and human NSCLC cell lines. These reports strongly suggest that Sox2 expressing cells harbor the stem cell like properties. Our observation further strengthens this postulation where we demonstrate that Sox2 depletion was adequate mapk inhibitors to inhibit the self renewing home SP cells in all the three NSCLC cell lines. In addition to the mutation in EGFR signaling, perturbation of p53 activity is yet another significant event occurs in initiation and progression of NSCLCs. Recently, p53 is shown to have certain roles in promoting the differentiation of human embryonic stem cell through repression of factors like Oct4, Klf4, Lin28A, and Sox2. However, there's not much information readily available on the direct function of p53 transcriptional activities in regulating Sox2 expression in stem like cells in cancer, and could be intriguing to explore in future.
Conclusions Figure 8 summarizes the function of Sox2 in SP cell biology and tumor growth. While certain frequency of isolated SP cells from NSCLC exhibit stem cell like properties and can form metastatic tumors, more differentiated MP cells are drastically impaired in their ability to mapk inhibitors produce tumors. Further, inhibition of EGFR pathway such as Src and PI3 kinase could strongly inhibit the expression of Sox2, suppressing the self renewal properties Erlotinib of SP cells. For that reason, relative Sox2 expression and functions within the tumor CSCs may possibly be a major determinant in EGFR targeted therapy against NSCLCs. This information could also be potentially beneficial to overcome the acquired resistance to EGFR therapies, by targeting downstream targets of EGFR signaling, such as Sox2.
Further investigations in this direction could lead to the development of more efficient therapeutic agents to combat NSCLC, specifically those harboring EGFR mutations. Supplies and methods Cell lines and Extispicy tumor samples H1650, and H1975 cell lines were obtained from ATCC and maintained in RPMI or DMEM containing10% fetal bovine serum in 5% CO2 at 37. Human tumor xenografts were obtained from SA laboratory. Inhibitors, siRNAs and antibodies Gefitinib, Erlotinib, BIBW2992 and Dasatinib were purchased from LC laboratories. PP2 and Fumitremorgin C were purchased from Sigma Inc. In the present study, Gefitinib or erlotinib is applied at 500 nM, dasatinib or BIBW2992 is applied at 200 nM and PP2 is applied at 1 M dose.
siRNA against EGFR, Src family kinases, Akt and Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology or OriGene Technology Erlotinib Inc. Principal antibodies against Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, Phos Src pY416, pERK1/2 and phospho AKT pS473 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Phos EGFRpY1068 from Invitrogen, EGFR neutralizing antibody from Milipore and isotype matched mouse IgG were purchased from Biolegend. RNA preparation and qRT PCR analysis RNA preparation and RT PCR analysis was performed as described earlier. Fold inductions were calculated utilizing the formula 2 utilizing GAPDH as internal control gene. The gene certain primer pairs were as follows.
ABCG2 5, CAC AAG GAA ACA CCA ATG GCT 3, ABCG2 5, ACA GCT CCT TCA GTA AAT GCC TTC 3, Oct4 5, ACA TCA AAG CTC TGC AGA AAG AAC 3, Oct4 5, CTG AAT ACC TTC CCA AAT AGA ACC C 3, Sox2 5, GGG AAA TGG GAG GGG TGC AAA AGA 3, Sox2 5, TTG CGT GAG TGT GGA TGG GAT TGG 3, mapk inhibitors Nanog 5, AGA AGG CCT CAG CAC CTA 3, Nanog 5, GGC CTG ATT GTT CCA GGA TT 3, Twist 5, CTC GGA CAA GCT GAG CAA GAT TCA GA 3, Twist 5, CGT GAG CCA CAT AGC TGC AGC 3, Slug 5, ACA CAT TAC CTT GTG TTT GCA AGA TCT 3, Slug 5, TGT CTG CAA ATG CTC TGT TGC AGT G 3, Snail 5, CCT CAA GAT GCA CAT CCG AAG CCA C 3, Snail 5, CCG GAC ATG GCC TTG TAG CAG C 3, GAPDH 5, GGT GGT CTC CTC TGA CTT CAA CA 3, GAPDH 5, GTT GCT GTA GCC AAA TTC GTT GT 3, Hoechst 33342 dye efflux assay for SP analysis and cell sorting Adherent cells were harvested utilizing accutase reagent. Human Tumor tissue grown in athymic nude mice was minced, enzymatically digested with 0.2% collagenase IV prepared in 10% FBS containing medium for 60 min at 37.
The digest was further disaggregated by passing through 10 ml pipette numerous occasions and filtered through 100/70 m cell strainer to obtain a single cell suspension. Cells were washed and resuspended in HBSS at 1X106 cells/ml density and incubated with 4 g/ml of Hoechst 33342 dye for 90 min at 370C in presence or absence of 1 M FTC, as described by Goodell et al.. Cells were incubated Erlotinib with 2 g/ml Propidium iodide just before analysis to visualize and exclude the non viable cells. The Hoechst 33342 dye was excited at 350 nm utilizing UV laser and its mapk inhibitors fluorescence was analyzed utilizing 400 500 nm BP filter for blue emission and 640 680 nm BP filter in combination with 655 nm LP filter for red emission. Flow cytometers from BD Biosciences were applied for data acquisition. Data were acquired utilizing LSRII or FACS Vantage, and sorted utilizing FACS Vantage cell sorter. Data analyses were accomplished utilizing FlowJo software. Cell cycle analyses for fixed cells were performed Erlotinib for PI stained cells utilizing Vindelov me